Enel Group
Index Index

Performance of the Group

(1) Of which 25.2 million second-generation smart meters in 2022 and 23.5 million in 2021.
(2) Please note that the number of charging points including those managed by joint ventures rises to 23,122 in 2022 and 18,344 in 2021.
(3) The figures for 2021 reflect more accurate calculations.

The following is a description of the Group’s operating and environmental performance.

Operating Performance

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Net electricity generated by Enel in 2022 increased by 5.2 TWh (2.3%) from 2021. This rise mainly reflects an increase in wind generation (+5.5 TWh), mainly in Brazil and North America, a larger contribution from coal plants (+5.9 TWh) in Italy, and an increase in production by combined-cycle plants (+2.7 TWh), above all in Spain and Chile. It should also be noted that, in 2022, the companies in Russia were fully deconsolidated, which resulted in a reduction of 11.2 TWh in power generation related solely to oil, gas and combined-cycle sources.

Performance of the Group - Net electricity generation by source (2022)
Net electricity generation by source (2022)
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By the end of December 2022, the Group’s net efficient installed capacity totaled 84.6 GW, a decrease of 2.5 GW from 2021. In 2022, 1.8 GW of new wind capacity was installed, mainly in North America, Brazil and Spain, and 2.6 GW of new solar capacity was also installed, mainly in Chile, the United States, Spain and India. As already mentioned in relation to net electricity generated, all the companies in Russa have been deconsolidated for a total of 5.3 GW.

Performance of the Group - Net efficient installed capacity by source (2022)
Net efficient installed capacity by source (2022)
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At the end of December 2022, the Group’s net efficient installed renewables capacity reached 53.6 GW, an increase of 3.5 GW compared with 2021, and represents 63.3% of total net efficient installed capacity.

Electricity distribution and access, ecosystems and platforms

  2022 2021Change
Electricity transported on Enel’s distribution gridTWh507.7 510.6(1)(2.9)-0.6%
SAIDIaverage minutes230.7243.3 (12.6)
-5.2%
SAIFIaverage number2.62.8 (0.2)-7.1%
End users with active smart meter (2)n.45,824,96345,169,318(1)655,6451.5%
Digitalized end users%63%60%  
      
Electricity sold by EnelTWh321.1309.411.73,8%
- of which free marketTWh198.3 176.0 22.3 
Retail customersno. 66,784,89569,342,818(2,557,923)-3.7%
- of which free marketno. 27,864,39224,839,6003,024,792 
      
Public charging points(3)no.22,61718,069(1)4,548 20.1%
Demand response capacityMW8,4767,7137639.9%

(1) The figures for 2021 reflect more accurate calculations.
(2) Of which 25.2 million second-generation meters in 2022 and 23.5 million in 2021.
(3) Please note that the number of charging points including those managed by joint ventures rises to 23,122 in 2022 and 18,344 in 2021.

Electricity distribution and access, ecosystems and platforms
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(1) Il dato del 2021 tiene conto di una più puntuale determinazione.
(2) Di cui smart meter di seconda generazione 25,2 milioni nel 2022 (23,5 milioni nel 2021).
(3) Si precisa che i dati esposti, nel caso includessero anche i punti di ricarica delle società gestite in joint venture, sarebbero pari a 23.122 nel 2022 e 18.344 nel 2021.

L’energia trasportata sulla rete di distribuzione di Enel nel 2022 è pari a 507,7 TWh, in diminuzione di 2,9 TWh (-0,6%) rispetto al valore nel 2021, calo registrato essenzialmente in Italia (-6,5 TWh), che ha più che compensato gli incrementi registrati in Brasile (+1,4 TWh), Argentina (+0,8 TWh), Cile (+0,7 TWh) e Spagna (+0,6 TWh). Il numero degli utenti finali di Enel con smart meter attivi registra nel 2022 un incremento di 655.645 unità, principalmente in Italia (+146.490), Spagna (+103.134) e Brasile (+83.272).

La nostra missione è garantire un servizio di qualità, accessibile e affidabile attraverso una rete elettrica efficiente e digitalizzata, che abiliti uno stile di vita più sostenibile grazie all’utilizzo dell’energia elettrica per tutti i nostri clienti. Il nostro Gruppo, in qualità di DSO (Distribution System Operator), ha accolto le sfide della transizione energetica per sviluppare la rete del futuro: ‘intelligente’, moderna, flessibile e digitale. Enel opera con una rinnovata attenzione a standard di servizio più elevati, sfruttando la digitalizzazione avanzata della rete per un uso efficiente in termini di costi delle risorse e garantire una qualità superiore associata alla “customer experience” dei nostri clienti relativa all’elettrificazione.
La continua evoluzione culturale è alla base della nostra ambizione di diventare il miglior operatore di rete al mondo. Per sostenere questa ambiziosa trasformazione, è stato lanciato Grid Futurability®, l’approccio industriale globale e orientato al cliente che Enel sta adottando per rinnovare, rafforzare ed espandere le proprie reti nei prossimi anni. Nell’ambito del piano Grid Futurability® e coerentemente con la strategia del Gruppo, è stato avviato un lavoro sinergico tra Enel e diversi attori della catena del valore, finalizzato a delineare il nostro percorso verso le zero emissioni attraverso il coinvolgimento attivo dei nostri principali stakeholder (associazioni settoriali, università, centri di ricerca, altri DSO, fornitori, appaltatori ecc.), nell’ottica di creare una rete del futuro completamente decarbonizzata.
Le infrastrutture sostenibili sono un elemento chiave per raggiungere gli obiettivi del nostro Piano “Zero Ambition”: nel corso del 2022 Enel ha rivisto interamente la catena del valore applicando il concetto del “Sustainable by Design” e ha ridisegnato i processi produttivi e di gestione a fine vita degli asset di rete con l’obiettivo di ridurre il consumo di materie prime, massimizzare il valore economico e ridurre gli impatti ambientali.
La rete rappresenta anche una ‘miniera di materiali’ che opportunamente rigenerati possono essere utilizzati come input per la produzione di nuovi asset o di nuovi prodotti in altre filiere produttive. Attraverso un approccio denominato “grid mining” si sta analizzando l’intera catena del valore degli asset al fine di recuperare materiali/dispositivi di valore da infrastrutture di rete obsolete, con l’obiettivo di ridurre al minimo l’impatto ambientale e il consumo di risorse massimizzando gli aspetti sociali positivi, in ottica di creare valore nel lungo termine.
Andando oltre gli investimenti tecnologici più tradizionali, Enel tiene in conto le diverse esigenze dei clienti in contesti sia rurali sia urbani per identificare le priorità e procedere al rinnovamento, al potenziamento e all’espansione delle reti nei prossimi anni attraverso soluzioni e processi di economia circolare, ma soprattutto per ripensare l’integrazione delle reti nel territorio e con le comunità.
Enel ha il compito di promuovere l’accesso a un servizio elettrico sostenibile, affidabile, e sicuro, garantendo che l’erogazione di tale servizio raggiunga il maggior numero di clienti, anche quelli a rischio e più vulnerabili. L’accesso universale all’energia è una delle principali forze trainanti per combattere la povertà e garantire una crescita economica e sostenibile nel lungo periodo. In particolare, si segnala che al 31 dicembre 2022 i beneficiari di nuove connessioni in aree rurali e suburbane sono circa 690.000. Inoltre, proseguono le attività legate a Gridspertise, una nuova realtà industriale e commerciale che offre soluzioni innovative, flessibili, sostenibili e integrate agli operatori del settore elettrico e della distribuzione (DSO), proponendosi al mercato come partner affidabile per dare slancio alla trasformazione digitale delle reti elettriche di tutto l’ecosistema di settore, nel quadro della transizione energetica.

L’energia venduta da Enel nel 2022 è pari a 321,1 TWh e registra un incremento di 11,7 TWh (+3,8%) rispetto all’esercizio precedente. Si rilevano maggiori quantità vendute prevalentemente in Italia (+4,4 TWh) e in America Latina (+7,2 TWh), principalmente in Cile (+3,1 TWh) e in Brasile (+2,4 TWh). Inoltre, il gas venduto nel 2022 è pari a 10,2 miliardi di metri cubi, in aumento di 0,3 miliardi di metri cubi rispetto all’esercizio precedente.

La leadership di un’azienda come Enel passa necessariamente attraverso la cura del cliente e l’attenzione per un servizio di qualità: aspetti che non si riferiscono soltanto alla fornitura di energia elettrica e/o gas naturale, ma anche e soprattutto agli aspetti intangibili del servizio relativi alla percezione e alla soddisfazione del cliente. Attraverso i prodotti di fornitura rivolti sia al mercato residenziale sia a quello business, Enel propone offerte dedicate che garantiscono un minor impatto ambientale e un’attenzione verso le fasce più vulnerabili. In tutti i Paesi in cui il Gruppo opera, infatti, vi sono forme di sostegno (spesso legate a iniziative statali) che agevolano alcune fasce della popolazione nel pagamento dei costi dell’elettricità e del gas, così da consentire un accesso paritario all’energia.

Enel si impegna a garantire un elevato livello di qualità del servizio e la massima soddisfazione dei clienti, anticipando le esigenze del mercato, per assicurare risposte affidabili e instaurare rapporti duraturi basati su dialogo, collaborazione e fiducia. Negli ultimi anni sono stati introdotti nuovi metodi di pagamento, sono stati rafforzati i canali digitali e i clienti sono stati dotati di strumenti volti a controllare i loro consumi e migliorare l’efficienza energetica. L’obiettivo di Enel è infatti quello di rendere consapevoli i clienti dell’importanza del loro ruolo nel percorso verso la transizione energetica, e per tale motivo si impegna a valorizzare il contributo di ogni singolo che sceglie di diminuire il proprio impatto sul pianeta, adottando stili di consumo orientati all’utilizzo di energia rinnovabile, al riciclo e al riuso, alla condivisione e alla riduzione degli sprechi.

Nel 2022 i clienti digitali, ovvero i clienti registrati tramite il web o app, sono pari al 37% sul totale dei clienti Enel.

Enel prosegue inoltre il suo impegno per una sempre maggiore digitalizzazione e sviluppo di nuovi servizi. Enel X Global Retail continua a guidare lo sviluppo di tecnologie innovative che rendano l’uso dell’energia elettrica pulita sempre più accessibile e diffuso nelle case, nelle imprese e nelle Pubbliche Amministrazioni, accelerando al contempo la digitalizzazione dei servizi per una maggiore efficienza nell’uso dell’energia stessa. 
Nel 2022 è nata la Linea di Business Enel X Way, completamente dedicata alla realtà della mobilità elettrica e in particolare all’ampliamento dell’infrastruttura di ricarica per veicoli elettrici, al fine di soddisfare il mercato in rapida crescita, e allo sviluppo di tecnologie di ricarica avanzate e soluzioni flessibili volte a migliorare l’esperienza del cliente e supportare l’elettrificazione di trasporti per consumatori, imprese e città.

I punti di ricarica pubblici di Enel nel 2022 sono 22.617, in crescita rispetto al 2021 di 4.548 unità, principalmente in Italia e in Spagna

Electricity transported on Enel’s distribution grid totaled 507.7 TWh in 2022, down 2.9 TWh (-0.6%) from 2021, attributable essentially to Italy (-6.5 TWh), which more than offset increases in Brazil (+1.4 TWh), Argentina (+0.8 TWh), Chile (+0.7 TWh) and Spain (+0.6 TWh).
The number of Enel end users with active smart meters in 2022 increased by 655,645, mainly in Italy (+146,490), Spain (+103,134) and Brazil (+83,272).

Our mission is to deliver quality, accessible and reliable service through an efficient and digitalized electricity grid, which enables a more sustainable lifestyle for all our customers thanks to the use of electricity. As a distribution system operator (DSO), our Group has embraced the challenges of the energy transition to develop the grid of the future: “smart”, modern, flexible and digital. Enel works with renewed focus on achieving the highest levels of service, taking advantage of advanced digitalization of our grid for greater efficiency in terms of resource costs and superior quality in the customer experience as it concerns electrification.
This ongoing cultural evolution is at the core of our ambition to become the world’s best grid operator. To support this ambitious transformation, we have launched Grid Futurability®, a global, customer-focused approach that Enel is adopting in order to renew, reinforce and expand our networks over the coming years. Within the scope of the Grid Futurability® plan and in line with the Group’s strategy, Enel has begun working in concert with a range of actors on the value chain with the goal of coordinating our path to zero emissions by actively engaging with our main stakeholders (e.g., industry associations, universities and research centers, other DSOs, vendors, contractors, etc.), so as to create a fully decarbonized grid for the future. Sustainable infrastructures are key to achieving the goals of our “Zero Ambition” plan. In 2022, Enel overhauled the value chain by applying the concept of “sustainable by design” and redesigned production processes and asset decommissioning with the goal of reducing the consumption of raw materials, maximizing economic value, and reducing environmental impact.
The grid also represents a “mine of materials” that, when suitably regenerated, can be used as inputs in the production of new assets or new products in other production chains. Using an approach known as “grid mining”, the entire value chain of assets is being analyzed in order to recover valuable materials/devices from obsolete grid infrastructures, with the aim of minimizing the environmental impact and the consumption of resources by maximizing the positive social aspects, with a view to creating longterm value.
Going beyond the more traditional technological investments, Enel takes account of the varied needs of customers in both rural and urban environments to identify priorities and undertake the renewal, strengthening and expansion of grids in the coming years through circular-economy solutions and processes, but above all to rethink the integration of grids with territories and communities.
Enel has been tasked with promoting access to an electrical service that is sustainable, reliable and safe, while ensuring this service reaches as many customers as possible, including those who are the most vulnerable and at greatest risk. Universal access to energy is one of the primary driving forces in combating poverty and ensuring sustainable economic growth over the long term. In this regard, as of December 31, 2022, some 690,000 people in rural and suburban areas can now benefit from new grid connections.
Work is also ongoing in relation to Gridspertise, a new industrial and commercial company that provides distribution system operators (DSOs) and other energy-industry players with services that are innovative, flexible, sustainable and integrated. The company is positioned as a reliable partner that can help drive the digital transformation of power grids throughout the industry as part of the energy transition.

Electricity sold by Enel in 2022 came to 321.1 TWh, increasing by 11.7 TWh (+3.8%) compared with the previous year. Quantities increased mainly in Italy (+4.4 TWh) and Latin America (+7.2 TWh), mainly in Chile (+3.1 TWh) and Brazil (+2.4 TWh). In addition, gas sold by Enel in 2022 totaled 10.2 billion cubic meters, an increase of 0.3 billion cubic meters compared with the previous year.

Enel’s leadership position has been gained thanks to the attention we place on the customer in providing quality services: aspects that concern more than just the provision of electricity and/or natural gas, extending, above all, to intangible aspects of our service that relate to the perception and satisfaction of our customers.
Through our products for both the residential and business markets, Enel provides dedicated offers with a lower environmental impact and a concentration on the most vulnerable segments of the population. In fact, all the countries in which the Group operates provide forms of support (often linked to government initiatives) which assist these segments of the population in paying their electricity and gas bills, so as to give everyone equal access to electricity. Enel is committed to ensuring high levels of service quality and maximum customer satisfaction by anticipating market needs, so as to provide reliable answers and establish lasting relationships based on trust, collaboration and dialogue. In recent years, we have introduced new payment methods and enhanced the digital channels, and our customers have been given the means to monitor their consumption and improve energy efficiency. It is our goal at Enel to make customers aware of the important role they play in the energy transition, which is why we are committed to recognizing the contribution of every individual who chooses to reduce their impact on our planet by adopting good habits of renewable energy use, recycling and reuse, sharing, and reducing waste.

In 2022, digital customers, i.e., those who have signed up via web or app, accounted for 37% of all Enel customers.

Enel is also continuing its efforts to expand digitalization and the development of new services. Enel X Global Retail continues to lead the development of innovative technologies that make clean electricity increasingly accessible and common in the home, in business and in government, while also accelerating service digitalization in order to increase the efficiency of energy use.
In 2022, we launched the Enel X Way Business Line dedicated to electric mobility and, more pointedly, to expanding the infrastructure for electric vehicle charging in order to meet the needs of a rapidly growing marketplace, while also developing advanced charging technologies and flexible solutions aimed at improving the customer experience and supporting electrification in transport for consumers, businesses and cities.

Public charging points of Enel in 2022 amount to 22,617, an increase of 4,548 on 2021, mainly in Italy and Spain.

(1) Specific emissions are calculated considering total direct emissions (Scope 1) as a ratio of total renewable, nuclear and thermal generation (including the contribution of heat and excluding generation for pumping).
(2) The figure for 2021 has been restated to reflect the change in the gas margin due to a change in the control model.
(3) The figure for 2021 has been restated to reflect the inclusion of Retail Latam in Enel Grids (I&N).

Main climate change indicators

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Enel’s commitment to combating climate change reached a new historic milestone in 2022 with the definition of a decarbonization roadmap, which covers both direct and indirect emissions across the entire value chain of the Group, composed of four targets certified by the Science Based Target initiative (SBTi), in line with limiting global warming to below 1.5 ºC. Enel’s new certified targets follow up on the ambition set by the Company in 2021, when it brought forward its commitment to zero emissions by 10 years, from 2050 to 2040.

Direct emissions of CO2 equivalent (Scope 1) amounted to 53.1 million tons, an increase of 2.9% compared with 2021. This increase is due to the growing demand for electricity compared with the previous year, with a greater thermal generation offsetting the reduction in hydroelectric output for the year.
Electricity generated by Enel in 2022 from zero-emission sources amounted to 61.0% of total production, a slight increase compared with 2021, reflecting the increase in the contribution from solar and wind sources.

The reduction of the environmental impacts associated with the operation of our plants is a strategic objective for us, pursued through the application of the best available technologies and best international practices. In particular, as regards the emissions of atmospheric pollutants in connection with thermal generation, in 2022 there was a slight decrease in NOx ,emissions, both in absolute and specific terms, reflecting lower overall generation from gas and CCGT plants. Emissions of SO2 and dust are in line with 2021. The specific emissions of SO2 amounted to 0,07 g/kWheq (unchanged from 2021), those of NOx came to 0.32 g/kWheq (-9% compared to 2021, when they came to 0.35 g/kWheq) and those of dust came to 0.005 g/ kWheq, unchanged from 2021

Protection and development of natural capital

The protection of natural capital and combating climate change are strategic factors that are integrated into planning and in business management and development, so as to promote the sustainable economic development of the communities in which we operate, and are determinant factors in consolidating the Company’s leadership in energy markets.
As an energy company, our operations depend on natural resources but, at the same time, have an impact on such resources. This is why we integrate assessments of risks and opportunities into Group governance and into our decision-making processes in line with the international Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD) frameworks by setting specific targets over time. The decarbonization of our energy mix, along with our objectives to reduce our impact on nature, to reclaim habitats, and to share the benefits of ecosystem services with our communities, are cornerstones of our sustainability strategy. 

Performance of the Group - River

Responsible water resource management

  20222021(1)Change
Total withdrawals(millions of m3)76.073.12.94.0%
Water withdrawals in water-stressed areas(%)19.323.0-3.7-16.1%
Total specific freshwater withdrawals(l/kWheq)0.230.25(0.02)-8.0%
Total water consumption(millions of m3)45.243.91.33.0%
Water consumption in water-stressed areas(%)20.624.0-3.4-14.2%

(1) Overall withdrawals of process and closed-cycle cooling water for 2021 were recalculated following the refinement in 2022 of the calculation methods for withdrawals of cooling water for a number of nuclear plants in Spain.

Responsible water resource management
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Water is an essential part of electricity generation, particularly in the generation of thermal and nuclear power, although the gradual shift to renewables, notably solar and wind, is reducing our overall water needs. The water needed in electricity generation is obtained from “non-scarce” (i.e., seawater) and scarce (i.e., surface and underground freshwater and civil-use water) sources. Beginning in 2022, Enel renewed and revitalize its commitment to preserving water resources, adopting a new more challenging target for the reduction of specific withdrawals of freshwater. In 2022, specific freshwater withdrawals totaled 0,23 l/kWheq, a slight decrease from 2021 (0,25 l/kWheq).

Enel constantly monitors all generation sites located in areas at risk of water scarcity (water-stressed areas) in order to ensure the most efficient management of the resource. In particular, for production sites that have been identified as “critical”(39) , i.e., in a water-stressed area where freshwater is withdrawn for process needs, water management methods are analyzed in order to minimize consumption and maximize withdrawals from non-scarce sources (i.e., seawater and industrial or waste water).
About 13.3% of the Enel Group’s total electricity output uses fresh water in water-stressed areas. 

Enel’s commitment to biodiversity

Enel has extensive experience in managing and preserving biodiversity in and around our production sites in an ever-increasing number of countries. In 2019, Enel adopted Group guidelines that establish the principles and procedures for managing our impact on biodiversity throughout the entire life cycle of our plants, from development and operations to decommissioning.
The identification of potential impacts on biodiversity and nature is essential in order to determine the most effective strategies for avoiding, minimizing, correcting, or offsetting associated effects, in line with the mitigation hierarchy. In the same way, identifying all that depends on biodiversity and natural capital enables us to identify the best strategies to reduce any consequent risks for the Company.
In 2022, we pursued 200 projects to safeguard species and natural habitats in and around operational plants, 80 of which were developed in partnership with government, non-governmental organizations, and universities, for a total investment of €11.9 million. These projects were carried out throughout the world. Examples of measures to mitigate our impact on biodiversity, in application of related policies, may be found in the Sustainability section of Enel.com at the following address: https://www.enel.com/investors/sustainability/strategy-sustainable-progress/biodiversity.
Also in 2022, we carried out a further 63 projects related to plants under construction, mainly in Brazil, Chile, Spain and North America, aimed at protecting and monitoring the indigenous species affected, for a total investment of over €6.4 million.

(39) Mapped in line with GRI criteria in relation to the “(baseline) water stress” conditions specified in the World Resources Institute Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas.

(1) The figure for 2021 has been adjusted, for comparative purposes only, to take account of the classification under the item “Profit/(Loss) from discontinued operations” of profit/(loss) connected with the assets held in Russia (which were sold in the 4th Quarter of 2022), Romania and Greece as the requirements of IFRS 5 for their classification as discontinued operations have been met.

Group performance

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Revenue

Millions of euro20222021(1) Change
Sale of electricity69,34045,053 24,87 53.9%
Transport of electricity11,09610,606490   4.6%
Fees from network operators979800179 22.4%
Transfers from institutional market operators1,667833834          -
Sale of gas8,9704,7444,226  89.1%
Transport of gas80599(519)-86.6%
Sale of fuels5,6051,7913,814          -
Fees for connection to electricity and gas networks82676957  7.4%
Revenue from construction contracts1,6721,26840431.9%
Sale of commodities with physical settlement and fair value gain/(loss) on contracts settled in the period32,98713,42219,565        -
Sale of value-added services1,3841,09229226.7%
Other income5,9114,7421,16924.7%
Total140,51785,71954,79863.9%

(1) The figure for 2021 has been adjusted, for comparative purposes only, to take account of the classification under the item “Profit/(Loss) from discontinued operations” of profit/(loss) connected with the assets held in Russia (which were sold in the 4th Quarter of 2022), Romania and Greece as the requirements of IFRS 5 for their classification as discontinued operations have been met.

Revenue
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Revenue increased by €54,798 million in 2022, up 63.9%, from the €85,719 million recognized in 2021. Within a context of higher average prices, this change is mainly attributable to greater volumes of energy generated and traded, greater quantities sold (particularly in Italy and Spain), rate adjustments in Brazil, greater electricity distributed in Latin America, and positive currency effects.
Revenue for 2022 includes the extraordinary gain on the sale of the transmission assets in Chile, in the amount of €1,051 million, and the ordinary gains on the partial sale of the interest held in Ufinet (€220 million) and Gridspertise (for a total of €520 million) and on the sale of a number of companies to Mooney Group SpA (€67 million). In turn, 2021 revenue included the ordinary gain of €1,763 million on the sale of the interest held in Open Fiber SpA.

Costs

Millions of euro20222021(1) Change
Electricity purchases46,955 27,40419,55171.3%
Consumption of fuel for electricity generation9,2864,050 5,236        -
Fuel for trading and gas for sale to end users40,74216,41424,328        -
Materials3,5343,410124   3.6%
Personnel expenses4,5715,140(569)-11.1%
Services, leases and rentals16,60615,663943   6.0%
Other operating expenses4,6851,9692,716        -
Capitalized costs(3,415)(3,041)(374)-12.3%
Total122,96471,00951,95573.2%

(1) The figure for 2021 has been adjusted, for comparative purposes only, to take account of the classification under the item “Profit/(Loss) from discontinued operations” of profit/(loss) connected with the assets held in Russia (which were sold in the 4th Quarter of 2022), Romania and Greece as the requirements of IFRS 5 for their classification as discontinued operations have been met.

Costs
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Costs increased primarily as a result of increased provisioning of energy commodities in relation to the increase in volumes produced and the increase in average prices applied (€49,115 million). A negative impact also came from the sale of Celg Distribuição SA - Celg-D (Enel Goiás) and CGT Fortaleza in Brazil in the total amount of €349 million.

Net results from commodity contracts

Net results from commodity contracts in 2022 decreased by €158 million compared with the previous year, due mainly to fluctuations in market prices. 

Ordinary gross operating profit/(loss)

The table below presents gross operating profit/(loss) by business line.

Millions of euro 20222021Change
Thermal Generation and Trading 6,0941,7024,392-
Enel Green Power 3,7794,815(1,036)-21.5%
Enel Grids 8,2767,6636138.0%
End-user Markets 1,1223,086(1,964)-63.6%
Enel X(1) 67335631789.0%
Holding, Services and Other(1) (261)1,588(1,849)-
Total 19,683 19,2104732.5%

(1) The 2021 figures for the Business Line Enel X have been adjusted to take account of the transfer of certain net assets and related revenue and expenses to the new Business Line Enel X Way, which are shown under “Holding, Services and Other.

Ordinary gross operating profit/(loss)
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Ordinary gross operating profit totaled €19,683 million, an increase of €473 million from 2021. Excluding the effects of Stewardship management, which entailed the recognition of a gain in 2021 on the sale of the equity interest held in Open Fiber SpA (€1,763 million) and the gains in 2022 on the partial sale of interests in Ufinet and Gridspertise and on the sale of a number of companies to Mooney Group SpA (for a total of €807 million), ordinary gross operating profit increased by €1,429 million on 2021. This performance was achieved thanks to the trends in integrated margin (€1,422 million) as a result of the combination of the businesses Thermal Generation and Trading, Enel Green Power, End-user Markets and Enel X, along with the performance of Enel Grids.

More specifically, the improvement in the margin attributable to thermal generation and trading offset the significant decrease in hydroelectric generation related to the poor water conditions in Italy and Spain, and made it possible to absorb the negative change in Europe’s end-user markets connected with increased provisioning costs that were not fully transferred onto the customer. The increase in ordinary gross operating profit also reflects the trend in grids, mainly in Latin America, due to rate adjustments and trends in exchange rates. 

Gross operating profit/(loss)

Millions of euro2022
 Thermal Generation and Trading Enel Green Power
Enel Grids
End-user Markets 
Enel XHolding, Services and OtherTotal
Ordinary gross operating profit/(loss)6,0943,7798,2761,122673(261)19,683
Non-ordinary mergers & acquisitions(137)-  839--   -    702
Energy transition and digitalization costs(212)(51)(23)(2)(1) (8)  (297)
Discontinued operations(42)(246) 38125(20)8  (137)
COVID-19 costs(6)(5) (16)  (2) -(4)    (33)
Gross operating profit/(loss)5,6973,4779,1141,243652(265)19,918
Millions of euro2021(1)
 Thermal Generation and Trading Enel Green Power
Enel Grids
End-user Markets 
Enel X(2)Holding, Services and OtherTotal
Ordinary gross operating profit/(loss)1,7024,8157,6633,0863561,58819,210
Energy transition and digitalization costs(795)(47)(423)(94)(15) (216) (1,590)
Discontinued operations(86)(191) (110)43(15)25  (334)
COVID-19 costs(8)(7) (30)  (2) -(6)    (53)
Gross operating profit/(loss)8134,5707,1003,0333261,39117,233

 

(1) The figure for 2021 has been adjusted, for comparative purposes only, to take account of the classification under the item “Profit/(Loss) from discontinued operations” of profit/(loss) connected with the assets held in Russia (which were sold in the 4th Quarter of 2022), Romania and Greece as the requirements of IFRS 5 for their classification as discontinued operations have been met.
(2) The figures for the Business Line Enel X have been adjusted to take account of the transfer of certain net assets and related revenue and expenses to the new Business Line Enel X Way, which are shown under “Holding, Services and Other”

Gross operating profit/(loss)
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100%

Within the scope of the plan to decommission certain investments abroad as no longer of strategic importance, the company Enel Transmisión Chile and, in Brazil, the thermal generation company CGT Fortaleza and distribution company Celg Distribuição SA - Celg-D (Enel Goiás) were sold in 2022. These divestments resulted in the recognition of a gain of €1,051 million on Enel Transmisión Chile and losses on Enel Goiás (€208 million) and CGT Fortaleza (€135 million).

Ordinary operating profit/(loss)

Millions of euro20222021Change
Thermal Generation and Trading5,253729 4,524-
Enel Green Power2,2303,480(1,250)-35.9%
Enel Grids5,2544,8134419.2%
End-user Markets(435)1,753(2,188)-
Enel X(1)362120242-
Holding, Services and Other(1)(535)1.340(1.875)-
Totale12,12912,235(106)-0.9% 

(1) The figures for the Business Line Enel X have been adjusted to take account of the transfer of certain net assets and related revenue and expenses to the new Business Line Enel X Way, which are shown under “Holding, Services and Other”.

Ordinary operating profit/(loss)
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Ordinary operating profit/(loss) in 2022 decreased by €106 million as a result of the factors described above in relation to ordinary gross operating profit/(loss) and of the increase in depreciation and amortization recognized during the year within the scope of distribution and renewable energy operations, above all in Latin America. 

Operating profit/(loss)

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In addition to the factors described in relation to gross operating profit above, the most significant recurring items of note include:

  • the adjustments related to the Argentine companies Enel Generación Costanera SA and Central Dock Sud, for which negotiations are under way for their sale and consequent classification among assets held for sale;
  • the charges and adjustments for the energy transition and digitalization, which mainly include the related provision in Italy, the write-downs of various plants in Chile, and the impairment of the Cartagena plant in Colombia; 
  • discontinued operations, classified in accordance with IFRS 5, under “profit/(loss) from discontinued operations” of the results of assets held in Romania and Greece, which for ordinary purposes are classified in the appropriate items for continuing operations;
  • other changes, which mainly include the write-down of certain projects in Spain related to the peninsular and non-peninsular regions and the adjustment of the Funac receivable.

Profit/(Loss) from discontinued operations

Profit/(Loss) from discontinued operations reports the effects of classifying under discontinued operations the companies in Russia, Romania and Greece in accordance with “IFRS 5 - Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations”. More specifically, the figures include the effects of the sale of the Russian companies with a total negative impact on earnings of €1,551 million, due to the release of the currency translation reserve in the amount of €1,054 million and the write-down of €497 million, as well as the adjustment of €696 million to the net assets of the Romanian companies to bring them to their estimated realizable value based on negotiations under way with the counterparty. It should be noted that the 2021 figures have been adjusted solely for the purposes of like-for-like comparison with 2022. For more information, see note 6 to the consolidated financial statements.

Group ordinary profit

Group ordinary profit in 2022 came to €5,391 million, as compared with the €5,593 million for the same period of the previous year.
This reduction in ordinary profit was compounded by the negative impact of the increase in non-controlling interests, which was partially offset by greater efficiency in financial operations related to liability management in previous periods, as well as by a reduction in the tax burden.

Group profit

Group profit in 2022 came to €1,682 million (€3,189 million in 2021), a decrease of €1,507 million compared with 2021. The table below provides a reconciliation of Group profit with Group ordinary profit, indicating the non-recurring items and their respective impact on performance, net of the associated tax effects and non-controlling interests.

Millions of euro20222021
Group ordinary profit5,3915,593
Impairment losses of companies classified as discontinued operations(1.992)-
Solidarity taxes under Decree Law 21/2022 and Law 197/2022(724)-
Non-ordinary mergers & acquisitions(716)-
Energy transition and digitalization costs and impairment losses(189) (1.839)
COVID-19 costs(23) (36)
Write-down of certain assets related to the sale of the investment in Slovenské elektrárne(18)540
Other changes(47) (42)
Write-downs of generation plant assets-(1.027)
Group profit1,6823,189
Risultato Netto Del Gruppo
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Note the impact on Group profit of the contributions to the mechanism to shield users against electricity price increases (€121 million) and the solidarity levy introduced in Italy respectively with Decree Law 21/2022 and Law 197/2022 (€603 million).

Financial metrics calculation process

As described in the section “European Union taxonomy”, Enel performed a specific implementation process to classify all its economic activities along its value chain in accordance with the following three categories: eligible-aligned, eligible-not aligned and not eligible. The calculation of the financial metrics associated with each economic activity was performed using a specific process during which the following criteria were implemented and the following considerations were made. 

  • The three financial metrics required under the European taxonomy regulation: turnover (revenue), capital expenditure (capex) and operating expenditure (opex or ordinary operating expenses) were calculated in accordance with the eligibility analysis described in the section “European Union taxonomy”.
  • Although not expressly requested, Enel also performed an assessment for ordinary gross operating profit, believing that this metric best represents the actual financial performance of integrated utilities such as Enel.
  • The financial information was collected from the accounting system used by the Enel Group or from the management systems used by the corporate business lines. However, some exceptions were also made to provide a more detailed representation of the figures or to exclude certain specific activities from the overall eligibility-alignment calculation (such as not-aligned hydroelectric generation or infrastructure considered eligible-not aligned among eligible-aligned distribution systems). For example, the following proxies were used: 
    • hydroelectric: eligible-not aligned hydroelectric plants were excluded considering their output multiplied by average unit revenue for 2021 and 2022. This approach was also extended to capital expenditure, ordinary operating expenses and ordinary gross operating profit;
    • distribution: new connections between a substation or network and a generation plant whose greenhouse gas intensity exceeds the threshold of 100 gCO2eq/kWh have been excluded considering their power (in MW) multiplied by average revenue (thousands of euro/MW) for 2021 and 2022. This approach was only applied to revenue and capital expenditure.
  • The aggregate financial data in the reporting refer to “segment” values and include items concerning third parties and inter-segment transactions.
  • The financial metrics have been reported treating all sales of electricity and gas as not eligible. 
  • 2021 figures have been restated to take account of the following methodological changes: 
    • electricity generation from gaseous fossil fuels: considered eligible-not aligned following application of the criteria established in the Complementary Delegated Act (previously reported as not eligible);
    • electricity transmission and distribution: the eligibility of the distribution activity in Colombia was redefined to take account of updated information from the national electrical system related to new renewables capacity built over the last five years, which changed the status from eligible-aligned to eligible-not aligned. In addition, minor adjustments were made to criteria to identify the infrastructure dedicated to creating a direct connection or expanding an existing direct connection between a substation or a grid and a power generation plant with an intensity of greenhouse gases in excess of 100 gCO2eq/kWh measured based over the life cycle;
    • retail sale of electricity: considered to not be eligible (previously declared to be eligible) in that the activity is not explicitly mentioned in the Climate Delegated Act;
    • Enel X Global Retail: combined heat and power (CHP) from gaseous fossil fuels within the scope of distributed energy is now considered eligible-not aligned following application of the criteria established in the Complementary Delegated Act (previously considered not eligible);
    • capital expenditure: taking account of recognized costs based on “IFRS 16 - Leasing”, paragraph 53(h), as required by the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2012/2178.
  • Total revenue, capital expenditure, ordinary gross operating profit, and operating expenses in absolute terms correspond to the revenue, investments, ordinary gross operating profit, and operating expenses of each specific activity. The levels of the individual KPIs correspond to each individual economic activity out of the total revenue/capital expenditure/ordinary gross operating profit of the Group (with the exception of ordinary operating expenses, the total of which refers solely to the type of costs required by the taxonomy). The share of revenue/capital expenditure/ordinary gross operating profit/ordinary operating expenses of each individual economic activity contributes to the climate change mitigation goal. This is the only EU taxonomy objective reported in the table, as the alignment analysis was performed only for this objective as it is more relevant than the climate change adaptation objective and the criteria for the other environmental objectives are not yet available. During the 2022 Capital Markets Day, Enel announced 80% alignment of capex for the period 2023-2025 for the Group’s contribution to climate change mitigation. 

Overall performance

In 2022, the level of alignment of our economic activities with the EU taxonomy, due to their substantial contribution to the climate change mitigation objective, respecting the principle of not harming other environmental objectives (DNSH) and ensuring the minimum social safeguards, is reported below.

Performance of the Group - Turnover (Revenue) under the European taxonomy
Turnover (Revenue) under the European taxonomy
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In 2022, 21.4% of turnover (revenue) was generated by business activities aligned with the EU taxonomy, compared with 33.9% in 2021.(1) Revenue in 2022 increased sharply in absolute terms compared with 2021. This increase was seen most in businesses not aligned with the taxonomy, such as electricity generation from gases and other not eligible activities, such as the trading and sales of electricity and gas and coal-fired electricity generation, due mainly to rising prices and an increase in thermal generation.
As a result, aligned revenue decreased by 12%.

(1) The 2021 figures were recalculated on the basis of the methodological changes noted in the section “Financial metrics calculation process”.

Performance of the Group - Ordinary operating expenses (opex) under the European taxonomy

(1) Only expenses required by the taxonomy.

Ordinary operating expenses (opex) under the European taxonomy
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In 2022, 66.9% of operating expenses (opex) were generated by business activities aligned with the EU taxonomy, compared with 60.8% in 2021.(1) The percentage of opex for taxonomy-eligible/aligned activities increased in 2022 compared with 2021 due mainly to the increase in maintenance costs incurred in the production of renewable energy and in taxonomy-aligned distribution activities.

(1) The 2021 figures were recalculated on the basis of the methodological changes noted in the section “Financial metrics calculation process”. 

Ordinary gross operating profit (EBITDA) under the European taxonomy
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100%

In 2022, 56.7% of ordinary gross operating profit (EBITDA) was generated by business activities aligned with the EU taxonomy, compared with 63.9% in 2021.(1)
The percentage of EBITDA of taxonomy-eligible/aligned activities decreased from 2021 to 2022 due mainly to the changes in revenue (see details above).

(1) The 2021 figures were recalculated on the basis of the methodological changes noted in the section “Financial metrics calculation process”.

Performance of the Group - Capital expenditure (capex) under the European taxonomy

(1) Also includes €0.6 billion in respect of increases in assets associated with lease transactions and €0.2 billion in respect of units classified as held for sale.

Capital expenditure (capex) under the European taxonomy
100%

In 2022, 81.9% of capital expenditure (capex) was generated by business activities aligned with the EU taxonomy, compared with 82.0% in 2021.(1) Actual capex for 2022 for taxonomy-eligible and aligned activities is 4.5% higher than the figure as planned for 2022 in the 2022-2024 Strategic Plan for those activities. This difference is mainly attributable to greater capex in absolute terms in eligible and aligned activities compared with the plan (more than €0.5 billion) and in part to the adjustments made to the accounting process of the EU taxonomy, such as the integration of costs recognized in accordance with “IFRS 16 - Leasing”, paragraph 53(h), which were not taken into account for the 2022-2024 Strategic Plan.

(1) The 2021 figures were recalculated on the basis of the methodological changes noted in the section “Financial metrics calculation process”.

Overall performance from the point of view of the activity of electricity sales

The EU taxonomy Climate Delegated Act does not explicitly include the segment related to the retail sale of electricity (code NACE D35.1.4) on the assumption that it does not make a substantial contribution to the mitigation of climate change. Nonetheless, the retail sale of electricity is a fundamental segment of the energy value chain. Excluding this activity from the definition of a sustainable energy system is an obstacle to the key role played by the liberalization of the EU market and, ultimately, to the efforts and value of decarbonized end-user consumption.
Furthermore, electrification, promoted by way of renewable energy, is the most efficient and cost-effective solution to dealing with climate change in that it is clean, accessible and high yield, in addition to being the only way to achieve a truly clean energy system. However, sustainable electrification of the end uses of energy calls not only for clean technologies of energy production, but also for the companies conducting the retail sale of energy to offer renewable energy to the end user in order to meet their energy needs.
For these reasons, Enel believes that the EU taxonomy should explicitly consider the retail sale of electricity to be an eligible activity for which alignment should be based on the same criteria available for the activity of electricity generation. In this way, the sale of electricity to end users would be connected to the source of production, thereby incentivizing resellers to sell electricity from sustainable sources.
Within this context, the role of integrated utilities is even more relevant. Although they operate in the production and retail sale of electricity with different companies within the same group, these utilities manage the activity model with a more global, unified view of the entire energy value chain. Provided below is a presentation of overall figures as if the retail sale of electricity were taxonomy-eligible and determining alignment by applying the same criteria as for electricity generation. We have based these figures on the mechanisms of the guarantees of origin available in Italy and Spain, in that they provide consumers with transparency concerning the percentage of electricity sold by resellers whose production sources are actually renewable, thereby meeting existing criteria of the EU taxonomy related to the activity of electricity generation.
As a result, revenue from the sale of electricity has been measured based on the quantity of retail sales of energy by the companies of the Group in Italy and Spain using the guarantees of origin (based on figures provided by the national authorities) and applying average per-unit revenue. This approach has also been taken for capex, opex and ordinary gross operating profit (EBITDA). To avoid double counting, eligible revenue by segment is shown net of intersegment transactions (between Enel Green Power, Enel Grids, and Retail).

The data are detailed below.

Overall performance from the point of view of the activity of electricity sales

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The following tables are presented in accordance with Article 8 of Regulation (EU) 852/2020. Accordingly, they consider retail electricity sales as not eligible.

Turnover (Revenue) under the European taxonomy

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Capital expenditure (capex) under the European taxonomy

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Operating expenses (opex) under the European taxonomy

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Ordinary gross operating profit (EBITDA) under the European taxonomy

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The following data are reported in accordance with Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2022/1214 of March 9, 2022, amending Delegated Regulation (EU) 2021/2139 as regards economic activities in certain energy sectors and Delegated Regulation (EU) 2021/2178 regarding disclosures of information specific to those economic activities.

Template 1 – Nuclear and fossil gas related activities

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As indicated in the table above, the only applicable activities for Enel concern the safe operation of existing nuclear plants and the operation of electricity generation plants that use gaseous fossil fuels. The first activity is 100% not eligible, while the second is 100% eligible-not aligned. Consequently, the following tables refer to templates 4 and 5 in the annex to the Complementary Delegated Act. The remaining templates in the Delegated Act are not applicable to Enel’s business model. In addition, the information relates only to the climate change mitigation goal due to lack of sufficient data to complete the climate change adaptation goal compliance analysis.

Template 4 – Taxonomy-eligible but not taxonomy-aligned economic activities

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Template 5 – Taxonomy-not eligible economic activities

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Glossary

ACT

Word
ACT
Definition
Actual – when associated with one or more items of data, the term describe results that have been achieved, as opposed to estimated or forecast results. In a full reporting system, “actual” data are generally compared with “budget” data (see “BDG”).

AIFIRM

Word
AIFIRM
Definition
Associazione Italiana Financial Industry Risk Managers - an association representing Italian-based risk managers from the financial, banking and insurance sectors.

AM

Word
AM
Definition
Adjustment Market - a trading venue where producers, wholesalers and end-customers can change the input/withdrawal programs established on the Day-Ahead Market (DAM): it was superseded by the Intra-Day Market (IDM) on November 1 2009.

APA

Word
APA
Definition
Advanced Pricing Agreement - a type of agreement widely used in OECD countries, under which one or more tax-paying entities and one or more tax authorities establish, in advance, the criteria and technical procedures for applying the principle of free competition to intercompany transactions (Transfer Pricing), so as to prevent disputes over transfer pricing. An APA can be unilateral, bilateral or multilateral, depending on how many financial administrations are involved in the agreement.

API indices

Word
API indices
Definition
All Publications Index - a price index for hard coal. API 2: A price index for hard coal with a calorific value of approximately 6,000 kcal/kg imported into North-West Europe (Amsterdam-Rotterdam-Antwerp). The financial quotation is shown including CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight) and NAR (Net As Received) in US$ per tonne. API4 - An FOB (Free On-Board) price index for hard coal deliveries to the Richards Bay hub (South Africa) API6 - An FOB price index for Australian hard coal.

ARA

Word
ARA
Definition
Amsterdam-Rotterdam-Antwerp – refers to the ports of Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Antwerp, where transactions for refined products are used as indicators for the North-West Europe market.

ARS

Word
ARS
Definition
Argentine peso.

B2B

Word
B2B
Definition
Business to Business - commercial transactions between companies, as opposed to commercial transactions between companies and other categories of customer. It represents the relationships that a company has with its suppliers for the purposes of procurement, production planning and monitoring, or product development, or the relationships that the company has with professional customers, i.e. other companies at different points in the production chain.

B2C

Word
B2C
Definition
Business to Consumer - describes the relationships that a commercial company has with its customers for the purposes of sales and/or support.

B2G

Word
B2G
Definition
Business to Government - describes commercial transactions between businesses and government bodies. Also known as Business to Administration (B2A).

BDG

Word
BDG
Definition
Budget - a management and accounting tool for planning and controlling operational, economic and financial activities in a company's first year of planning.

BESS

Word
BESS
Definition
Battery Energy Storage System - a battery-based system for storing energy. BESS systems are used to store energy and release it at times of peak energy demand or when renewable energy sources are unavailable. BESS systems can also provide frequency and voltage regulation services in the power grid.

BEV

Word
BEV
Definition
Battery Electric Vehicle. A type of vehicle powered by a battery-operated electric motor. Unlike internal combustion vehicles, which burn fuel to produce energy, BEVs do not emit pollutants into the environment.

BRL

Word
BRL
Definition
Brazilian real.

BSO

Word
BSO
Definition
Build, Sell and Operate. In the renewable energy industry, this means selling assets in order to generate revenue, while remaining responsible for their operation and operational management.

Brent

Word
Brent
Definition
“Brent” is the term used to describe crude oil extracted from the North Sea. The name derives from the Brent oil field, off the coast of Scotland, which was one of the first oil fields discovered in the region. Brent crude has become a major benchmark for global oil prices and is seen as a high-quality oil with a low sulfur content and a relatively high density.

Business Line

Word
Business Line
Definition
An umbrella term referring to a more specific area in which a company performs its services.

Business model

Word
Business model
Definition
A business model defines the logic of how companies create, convey and acquire value in economic, social, cultural or other contexts. Each company has its own specific business model that, in the course of work organization, can undergo major transformations due to both innovation and change.

CAGR

Word
CAGR
Definition
“CAGR” stands for “Compound Annual Growth Rate” and indicates the growth in value of an investment or business asset over a specific period of time.

CBAM

Word
CBAM
Definition
Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism – forming part of the framework of the European Green deal, the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism is a European Union Regulation, proposed by the European Commission in 2021 and provisionally agreed by European legislators in December 2022, concerning environmental customs duties on the importation of products with high greenhouse gas emissions into the European Union. EU importers will purchase carbon certificates corresponding to the carbon price that would have been paid if the goods had been produced under EU carbon pricing rules. Conversely, where a non-EU producer can show that they have already paid a price for the carbon used in the production of the imported goods in a third country, that cost can be fully deducted for the EU importer. The CBAM will help reduce the risk of carbon leakage (i.e. the transfer of production to countries with laxer emissions constraints) by encouraging producers in non-EU countries to green their production processes.

CCGT

Word
CCGT
Definition
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine – a gas-fired combined cycle power plant, in which two thermodynamic cycles (a gas cycle and steam cycle) take place in series, thus increasing thermodynamic efficiency compared to a scenario where both cycles take place independently, and making more effective use of the fuel.

CCIRS

Word
CCIRS
Definition
Cross Currency Interest Rate Swap - a swap contract in which the parties exchange payments at two different rates and in two different currencies.

CCS

Word
CCS
Definition
Carbon Capture and Storage – a technology used to prevent the release of large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, by separating the carbon dioxide from the emissions and injecting it into geological formations.

CDM

Word
CDM
Definition
Clean Development Mechanism – defined in article 12 of the Protocol, the CDM allows a country with an emission-reduction or emission-limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party) to implement an emission-reduction project in developing countries. Such projects can earn saleable certified emission reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to one tonne of CO2, which can be counted towards meeting Kyoto targets.

CDP Climate

Word
CDP Climate
Definition
Carbon Disclosure Project - the CDP is an international non-profit organization that provides companies, local authorities, governments and investors with a global system of environmental measurement and reporting. The CDP provides a system for measuring, recording, managing and sharing global climate-change information.

CDS

Word
CDS
Definition
Clean Dark Spread - the CDS is the difference between the wholesale price of electricity and the cost of the coal and carbon needed to produce 1 MWh of electricity. It refers to the power (earnings side) and coal/CO2 (cost side) exposure arising from generating energy with a coal-fired power plant.

CER

Word
CER
Definition
Certified Emission Reduction - A tradable emissions unit issued under the UN’s Clean Development mechanism (see CDM).

CF@R

Word
CF@R
Definition
Cash Flow at Risk - a risk metric for measuring the maximum potential decrease in expected cash flows resulting from market volatility and correlation, with a given confidence level, over a given period of time (holding period).

CFC

Word
CFC
Definition
Controlled Foreign Companies - a concept used by EU tax systems to prevent tax avoidance. It is part of a tax regime designed to counter the fictitious allocation of significant earnings to controlled foreign companies registered in low-tax countries, especially for companies that do not systematically distribute dividends.

CFD

Word
CFD
Definition
Contract For Difference - CFDs are a financial instrument whose price derives from the value of other types of investment instruments. Instead of involving the physical trading or exchange of a financial asset, a CFD is a transaction in which two parties – a seller and a buyer – agree to exchange money based on the change in the value of the underlying asset between the time the transaction is opened and the time it is closed. If the value of the underlying asset increases, the buyer makes a profit and the seller makes a loss. Conversely if its value decreases, the seller makes a profit and the buyer makes a loss.

CGE

Word
CGE
Definition
Computable General Equilibrium - a macroeconomic theory that attempts to explain how demand, supply and prices for different products are interrelated and simultaneously determined by market forces according to a mechanism known as "general equilibrium".

CLP

Word
CLP
Definition
Chilean peso.

CME

Word
CME
Definition
Chicago Mercantile Exchange - a global derivatives market based in Chicago. The CME is currently the largest open-interest options and futures exchange in the world (by number of contracts in place). The CME trades various types of financial instruments, including interest rates, shares, currencies and commodities. In 2008, its shareholders approved a merger with the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX).

CO2

Word
CO2
Definition
Carbon dioxide - a colorless, odorless gas, produced naturally by animals during respiration and through the decay of biomass, and used by plants during photosynthesis. Although it accounts for only 0.04% of the atmosphere, it is one of the most important greenhouse gases. The burning of fossil fuels is increasing the concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which is believed to contribute to global warming.

CO2 equivalent

Word
CO2 equivalent
Definition
A standardized unit of measurement of greenhouse gases other than CO2, determined by converting amounts of these other gases to the equivalent amount of carbon dioxide with the same global warming potential, where CO2 equals 1. Under the Kyoto Protocol, the following greenhouse gases must be taken into consideration: carbon dioxide (CO2, hence the term “carbon footprint”), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). This parameter can be used to determine the environmental impacts of emissions on anthropogenic climate change.

COP

Word
COP
Definition
Colombian peso.

CPI

Word
CPI
Definition
Consumer Price Index - a statistical measurement calculated by averaging the weighted prices of a specific basket of goods and services. This basket is based on the purchasing patterns of an average consumer. The most widely used consumer price index is the index number that measures the change over time in the weighted average of prices paid in transactions relating to consumer goods and services traded between economic operators and private end-consumers (free-of-charge transactions, intermediate transactions and transactions involving public bodies are not taken into account when determining the index). This type of index therefore measures the increase in the general level of prices, i.e. consumer inflation for the period concerned (measurement of the cost of living for the specific period).

CSR

Word
CSR
Definition
Corporate Social Responsibility - corporate policies and practices designed to harmonize economic goals with the social and environmental goals of the geographical area concerned, with a view to promoting sustainability. It is a voluntary form of responsibility that companies tend to assume in relation to their main stakeholders.

CSS

Word
CSS
Definition
Clean Spark Spread – the CSS is the difference between the wholesale price of electricity and the cost of the coal and carbon needed to produce 1 MWh of electricity. It refers to the power (earnings side) and gas/CO2 (cost side) exposure arising from generating energy with a gas-fired power plant.

CSV

Word
CSV
Definition
Creating Shared Value - the CSV approach involves reconciling the company perspective with the social, economic and environmental needs of the community in which a company operates, with a view to identifying choices that generate value for both parties.

CapEx

Word
CapEx
Definition
CAPital EXpenditure. In business economics, “CapEx” denotes capital outlays on investments in non-current assets for operational purposes. In practice, this means funds used by a company to acquire, maintain and implement physical assets such as buildings, land, plants or equipment.

Carbon Footprint

Word
Carbon Footprint
Definition
“Carbon Footprint” is a parameter used to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from a product, service, organization, event or individual, generally expressed in CO2 equivalent (i.e. by converting amounts of other gases to the equivalent amount of carbon dioxide with the same global warming potential, where CO2 equals 1).

Carbon Neutral

Word
Carbon Neutral
Definition
The term “carbon neutral” describes a situation where an entity’s CO2 emissions are fully offset by its carbon removal processes.

Circular economy

Word
Circular economy
Definition
A concept linked to the definition of business models aimed at decoupling economic and industrial activities from resource consumption (although, in public opinion, it has been mainly and improperly associated with the issue of waste recycling). Leveraging a major institutional recognition, which occurred with the EU’s 2015 Circular Economy Package, it subsequently became one of the cornerstones of the European strategy in 2020 with the Green New Deal (Circular Economy Action Plan).

Climate Neutral

Word
Climate Neutral
Definition
The term “climate neutral” describes a state of equilibrium between greenhouse gas emissions and the absorption of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.

Consolidated income statement

Word
Consolidated income statement
Definition
A document that is part of the Consolidated Financial Statements and consists of a classification of costs according to their nature, with a separate presentation of the net profit (loss) from continuing operations and discontinued operations attributable to shareholders of the Parent Company and to third parties.

D&A

Word
D&A
Definition
Depreciation & Amortization – a component part of the cash flow calculation intended to exclude from EBITDA the share of costs incurred in a given year but attributable to subsequent years, and the share of future charges attributable to a given year but which have not yet been paid.

DAM

Word
DAM
Definition
Day-Ahead Market - the venue where electricity sales and purchases are negotiated on the Italian free market. It enables eligible producers, wholesalers and end-customers to sell or buy electricity for the next day.

DPS

Word
DPS
Definition
Dividend Per Share - the sum of the declared dividends issued by a company for each ordinary share in circulation.

DSM

Word
DSM
Definition
Dispatching Services Market - the market on which Terna S.p.A. (Italy’s TSO) procures the necessary resources for managing and controlling the system (resolving intra-zone congestion, creating an energy reserve and real-time balancing). On the DSM, Terna acts as a central counterparty and pays for accepted offers at the price quoted by the bidder (pay-as-bid).

DSR

Word
DSR
Definition
Demand-Side Response - in the energy market, the term “DSR” describes active participation in the market by demand-side entities, i.e. major industrial consumers and aggregated – and duly regulated – groupings of consumers (industrial, commercial). These consumers can modulate their energy consumption, upwards or downwards, in response to market signals, in exchange for an economic benefit. This service helps modulate peaks in supply or demand, thus enhancing the flexibility and stability of the grid.

Direct Emissions

Word
Direct Emissions
Definition
Direct greenhouse gas emissions are emissions from sources owned or controlled by the reporting entity. These emissions can also be referred to as scope 1 emissions.

E2E

Word
E2E
Definition
End-to-End - under the end-to-end principle, where two applications communicate over a network, all the specific functions and operations required by those applications, such as error checking, must be fully implemented and executed at the end nodes (or end points) and not at the intermediate nodes of the network.

EA

Word
EA
Definition
Equivalent Asset – a functional unit, specific to a Business Line, assumed to represent organizational complexity from an environmental point of view and the related business volumes: For GPG: 500 MW of installed capacity. For GIN and ENEL X: million hours worked.

EBIT

Word
EBIT
Definition
Earnings Before Interest and Taxes - represents operating income before the deduction of financial expense and taxes. Also known as Operating Income Before Taxes.

EBITDA

Word
EBITDA
Definition
Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization - represents gross operating margin and is an indicator of operational performance. It is the sum of “operating income” and “depreciation, amortization and impairment losses”.

EBT

Word
EBT
Definition
Earnings Before Taxes - represents income before the deduction of taxes.

ECB

Word
ECB
Definition
European Central Bank - The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank of the European Union and is responsible for Euro Zone monetary policy.

ECB

Word
ECB
Definition
European Central Bank - The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank of the European Union and is responsible for Euro Zone monetary policy.

EDF

Word
EDF
Definition
Électricité de France.

EDP

Word
EDP
Definition
Energia de Portugal.

EGM

Word
EGM
Definition
Extraordinary General Meeting - a general meeting of all company members, held to discuss important matters that cannot be deferred until the next annual general meeting.

EIA

Word
EIA
Definition
Energy Information Administration - the statistical and analytical agency of the United States Department of Energy. The EIA collects, analyzes and disseminates independent, impartial energy information to promote rational policy-making, efficient markets and public understanding of energy and its interaction with the economy and the environment. EIA programs cover data on coal, oil, natural gas, electricity, renewable energy and nuclear energy.

EM

Word
EM
Definition
Emerging Markets - an emerging market (or an emerging country or an emerging economy) is a market that has some of the characteristics of a developed market, but does not fully meet its standards. This includes markets that may become developed markets in the future or have been developed markets in the past. The term "frontier market" is used to describe developing countries whose capital markets are smaller, riskier or less liquid than those of "emerging" countries. Since 2006, the Chinese and Indian economies have been considered the largest emerging markets. The nine largest emerging and developing economies by nominal GDP or PPP-adjusted GDP are the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), along with Indonesia, South Korea, Mexico, Saudi Arabia and Turkey.

EMIR

Word
EMIR
Definition
European Market Infrastructure Regulation - EU Regulation no. 648/2012 concerning OTC derivatives, central counterparties and trade repositories.

EPS

Word
EPS
Definition
Earnings Per Share - the earnings a company has generated, divided by the number of shares it has issued.

ERU

Word
ERU
Definition
Emission Reduction Unit - a tradable emissions unit issued under the UN’s Joint Implementation (JI) process.

ESG

Word
ESG
Definition
Environmental, Social, Governance - denotes the three key criteria for measuring the environmental, social and governance impact of companies with a view to maintaining sustainable business practices. In economics and finance, these criteria are used to denote all activities relating to responsible investment that pursue the typical goals of financial management, while taking account of environmental, social and governance aspects.

ESMA

Word
ESMA
Definition
European Securities and Markets Authority - the aim of the ESMA is to improve investor protection and promote stable and orderly financial markets.

ETR

Word
ETR
Definition
Effective Tax Rate - the total tax burden on pre-tax profit in percentage terms (taxes/pre-tax profit). For calculation purposes, account is only taken of the income taxes that apply to the total amount allocated to the income statement (current taxes, deferred taxes, withholding taxes, etc.).

EU

Word
EU
Definition
European Union - a supranational political and economic organization, comprising 27 Member States.

EU ETS

Word
EU ETS
Definition
European Union Emissions Trading System - a system for greenhouse gas emissions allowance trading aimed at reducing emissions in the most energy-intensive sectors (electricity, cement, steel, aluminum, brick and ceramic, glass, chemicals, aviation, etc.) in the European Union.

EUA

Word
EUA
Definition
European Union Allowances - CO2 emissions allowances under the European Union Emissions Trading System.

EV

Word
EV
Definition
Electric Vehicle - a means of transport propelled by an electric motor, which is normally powered by rechargeable batteries, but which can also be connected to overhead power lines, conductive rails or power strips for lateral sliding contacts. Depending on design needs or characteristics, electric vehicles can be equipped with 1, 2, 3, 4 or more wheels. Electric vehicles include road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater vessels, electric aircraft and electric spacecraft.

European Union taxonomy

Word
European Union taxonomy
Definition
The European taxonomy (adopted by the European Union in Regulation (EU) 2020/852) defines six environmental objectives for identifying sustainable economic activities from an environmental perspective: climate change mitigation; climate change adaptation; sustainable use and protection of waters and marine resources; transition to a circular economy; prevention and reduction of pollution; protection and restoration of biodiversity and ecosystems.

FCF

Word
FCF
Definition
Free Cash Flow - the cash flow available to a company, i.e. the difference between cash flow from operating assets and cash flow for capital expenditure.

FCT

Word
FCT
Definition
Forecast - a tool for monthly re-forecasting of economic and financial targets for the current financial year.

FFO

Word
FFO
Definition
Funds From Operations - the figure used by Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) to calculate the cash flow from their operations. More specifically, FFO is intended to describe trends in monetary revenues and expenses arising from the management of the fund in question. FFO is calculated on the basis of pre-tax profit (profit for the period), plus current taxes, changes in depreciation and amortization, the net change in the market value of property and any write-downs. The ratio of FFO/Revenues is frequently used as an indicator in this sector because it provides the percentage of fund revenues that actually turn into cash flows for holders of shares in the fund.

FS

Word
FS
Definition
Fuel Switching – the practice of replacing one energy source with another to meet the needs of heat, power and/or electricity generation.

FTE

Word
FTE
Definition
Full-Time Equivalent - the number of full-time resources needed to carry out a given activity, or employed by a company, in relation to the total number of resources used or employed, where some resources are employed on a part-time basis.

FWD

Word
FWD
Definition
Forward - a trading contract, on the over-the-counter (OTC) market, relating to an underlying physical or financial asset (energy, commodities, etc.). It is a symmetrical derivative contract because both parties to the contract are obliged to perform a service on maturity. The long party undertakes to purchase the underlying asset on the agreed date at the agreed price, whereas the short party undertakes to sell the underlying asset on the same date and at the same price.

FX

Word
FX
Definition
Forex or FOReign EXchange - the exchange rate can be defined as the number of units of a foreign currency that can be purchased with one unit of national currency.

FX HR

Word
FX HR
Definition
Foreign Exchange Hedge Ratio - the portion of gross debt not exposed to exchange rate variations, taking account of hedging derivatives and the natural hedging arising from Funds From Operations (FFOs), to provide a measurement of the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on financial expense (interest payments and capital repayments).

FY

Word
FY
Definition
Fiscal Year - the fiscal year is a designated twelve-month period used for the purposes of budgeting, accounting and all other financial reports for businesses.

Financial Report

Word
Financial Report
Definition
The document that reports the items on the Income Statement and those on the Balance Sheet, explaining where the company’s liquidity is generated and where it is absorbed. The Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow is prepared by using the indirect method, with separate presentation of cash flow from operating assets, investment activities and financing activities associated with discontinued operations.

GCC

Word
GCC
Definition
Gas Combined Cycle - technology for gas-fired thermoelectric power plants.

GDP

Word
GDP
Definition
Gross Domestic Product - GDP is a macroeconomic metric for measuring the aggregate value, at market prices, of all finished goods and services (i.e. excluding intermediate products) produced in a given country over a given period of time (normally the calendar year, but other time-frames are also used).

GHG

Word
GHG
Definition
Greenhouse Gases - gases in the earth’s atmosphere that trap heat and are the main contributors to climate change. They are emitted into the atmosphere by human activity, especially combustion processes (but there are others). The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Greenhouse gases do not include water vapor, the main contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, which is essential for life on Earth (see also CO2 equivalent).

GME

Word
GME
Definition
Gestore dei Mercati Energetici - the company responsible organizing and managing the electricity market in Italy, as well as providing the economic management of an adequate reserve of power.

GNI

Word
GNI
Definition
Gross National Income - GNI is calculated by adding or subtracting, depending on the type of flow, various cross-border income streams to or from gross domestic product (GDP). Or Group Net Income - the net income of the Enel Group.

GPP

Word
GPP
Definition
Green Public Procurement - the integration of environmental considerations into the purchasing procedures of government bodies, in other words, a means of choosing "goods and services with a lower or reduced impact on human health and the environment than other goods and services used for the same purpose". (U.S. EPA 1995). 'Green procurement' therefore means buying a good/service partly on the basis of the environmental impacts it may have throughout its life-cycle, from extraction of the raw material to the disposal of waste (i.e. "from cradle to grave"). Green Public Procurement practices involve setting environmental qualification criteria in the specifications that public bodies issue when purchasing goods and services, with a view to reducing their environmental impact, while also nudging the market as a whole towards more environmentally-friendly products. Public procurement accounts for about 17% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Italy and about 14% across the rest of the European Union.

GRI Content Index

Word
GRI Content Index
Definition
The GRI Content Index sets out the references and reporting tools used to prepare the report in accordance with the relevant GRI Industry Standards and Electric Utilities Sector Disclosure.

Green Bond

Word
Green Bond
Definition
The term “green bonds” refers to any type of bond from which the proceeds are to be used exclusively to finance or refinance eligible new and/or existing green projects, either partially or in full.

Green Deal

Word
Green Deal
Definition
An integrated European action plan that leverages digital technology and innovation to promote efficient use of resources, restore biodiversity and reduce pollution.

Green Loan

Word
Green Loan
Definition
Any type of loan made available for the sole purpose of financing or refinancing eligible new and/or existing green projects, either partially or in full. The crucial distinguishing feature of a Green Loan is that its proceeds must be used for “green projects”.

Group ordinary net income

Word
Group ordinary net income
Definition
Defined as the “Group net income” attributable exclusively to ordinary operations, it is equal to the “Group net income”, net of any tax effects and effects on third-party interests, of the items previously discussed in “Ordinary operating income”.

HDD

Word
HDD
Definition
Heating Degree Day - a measurement used to quantify demand for heating energy.

HEV

Word
HEV
Definition
Hybrid Electric Vehicles – an HEV is a vehicle equipped with a drive system based on two or more components, such as an electric motor with a combustion engine, that work in synergy with each other.

HH

Word
HH
Definition
Henry Hub - a natural gas distribution hub in Earth, Louisiana, owned by Sabine Pipe Line LLC, a subsidiary of EnLink Midstream Partners LP. Because of its importance, it has given its name to the price point of forward contracts on natural gas traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) and OTC swaps traded on the InterContinental Exchange (ICE).

HR

Word
HR
Definition
Human Rights - the fundamental human rights recognized by the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

HR DD

Word
HR DD
Definition
Human Rights Due Diligence - a process for monitoring the implementation of human rights policy and adherence to the guiding principles of the United Nations and the OECD Guidelines on Responsible Business Conduct.

ICE

Word
ICE
Definition
InterContinental Exchange - a US-based financial company founded in 2000, which operates in Internet-based markets and trades futures and energy, commodities and financial derivatives in over-the-counter markets. Initially the company focused mainly on energy products (crude and refined oil, natural gas, etc.) but has since extended its activities to commodities, such as sugar, cotton and coffee, and foreign exchange. Or International Currency Exchange - a global currency exchange company based in London. The ICE is one of the largest retail exchange operators in the world.

ICE Vehicles

Word
ICE Vehicles
Definition
Internal Combustion Engine - conventional vehicles powered by internal combustion engines.

ICMA

Word
ICMA
Definition
International Capital Markets Association - a self-regulatory organization for capital market participants. Although the name suggests that its remit is global, its focus is in fact European. The stated objectives of the ICMA are to promote high standards of market practice, appropriate regulation, commercial support, education and communication. It produces standard documentation for transactions such as share and debt issuance and repurchase agreements.

IDM

Word
IDM
Definition
Intra-Day Market - the IDM provides 7 sessions (IDM 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7) in which producers and wholesalers can change the input programs established on the DAM (the IDM superseded the Adjustment Market [AM] in 2010).

IEA

Word
IEA
Definition
International Energy Agency - An intergovernmental organization of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) based in Paris and established as an international research institute on energy policy and the environmental impact of energy sources.

IFRS

Word
IFRS
Definition
International Financial Reporting Standards - a set of international standards, used in the EU, for the preparation of annual and consolidated financial statements. Their purpose is to increase transparency for the benefit of investors.

IMF

Word
IMF
Definition
International Monetary Fund - the IMF is a public international organization of a universal nature, composed of the national governments of 190 countries. Together with the World Bank Group, it forms part of the Bretton Woods system, which is named after the place where the conference that endorsed its creation was held.

INECP

Word
INECP
Definition
Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan – a plan drawn up jointly by Italy’s Environment Ministry and Infrastructure and Transport Ministry and submitted to the European Commission pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 (December 2018). It sets out the national targets for 2030 for energy efficiency, renewables and CO2 emission reductions, as well as targets for energy security, interconnections, the single energy market and competitiveness, and sustainable development and mobility. For each field, it outlines the measures that will be taken to achieve the target concerned.

IPCC

Word
IPCC
Definition
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - the leading international body for evaluating climate change. The IPCC was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) in order to provide the world with a clear and scientifically founded view of the current state of knowledge on climate change and its potential environmental and socio-economic impacts.

IR HR

Word
IR HR
Definition
Interest Rate Hedge Ratio - the portion of gross debt not exposed to interest rate variations, taking account of hedging derivatives, to provide a measurement of the impact of interest rate fluctuations on interest payable.

IRR

Word
IRR
Definition
Internal Rate of Return – a metric used in financial analysis to determine how attractive a particular project or investment may be, and to help choose between possible projects or investment options under consideration. In general, an investment project is attractive if the IRR is higher than the opportunity cost of the capital (or other reference rate, chosen on the basis of considerations relating to the specific investment and/or on the basis of the WACC).

Incentives system

Word
Incentives system
Definition
Systems that, within the broader Total Reward management framework, link the recognition of a variable proportion of remuneration to the achievement of certain results, in line with the remuneration policy defined by the company. The purpose of this policy is to: (i) promote corporate performance and sustainable success, which is based on the creation of long-term value to the benefit of its shareholders, taking into due consideration the interests of other relevant stakeholders, so as to encourage the achievement of strategic goals; (ii) attract, retain and motivate people with the skills and professionalism required for the delicate managerial tasks assigned to them, taking into account the compensation and working conditions of the company’s employees; (iii) promote the company’s mission and values.

Indirect Emissions

Word
Indirect Emissions
Definition
Indirect GHG emissions are a consequence of the activities of the reporting entity, but occur at sources owned or controlled by a different entity. For example, emissions from the consumption of purchased electricity, heat or steam (scope 2) and emissions from the extraction and production of purchased materials and fuels; activities relating to transport by vehicles not owned or controlled by the reporting entity; activities relating to electricity (e.g. T&D losses), outsourced activities, waste disposal, etc.

Industrial Plan

Word
Industrial Plan
Definition
A multi-year planning tool used to translate objectives for future financial years into economic and financial terms.

JCC

Word
JCC
Definition
Japan Crude Cocktail - the informal nickname given to the crude oil price index used in most East Asian countries. Published by the Petroleum Association of Japan, the JCC represents the average price of customs-cleared crude oil imports into Japan. Historically, the JCC was the main index for pricing Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) contracts, as there was no global benchmark. However, as the JCC is based on oil prices as opposed to gas, there have been growing objections to its use. In Europe and most North American countries, LNG pricing has shifted away from the JCC to gas-based indexes (e.g. Henry Hub).

JKM

Word
JKM
Definition
Japan Korean Marker - a virtual market in which natural gas is traded in Japan, South Korea, China and Taiwan. As an index, it is a benchmark price for liquefied natural gas (LNG).

JV

Word
JV
Definition
Joint Venture - an agreement between companies, whether of the same or different nationalities, to undertake a given project, within a limited time-frame, while sharing the risks and profits.

KPI

Word
KPI
Definition
Key Performance Indicator - an index of the performance of a business process.

KRI

Word
KRI
Definition
Key Risk Indicator - a risk indicator that measures the probability or foreseeable (and unforeseeable) impacts of the risk, by means of a quantitative approach (“what if” and scenario analysis or probabilistic approaches).

LCOE

Word
LCOE
Definition
Levelized Cost of Energy - the LCOE is an indicator of the competitiveness of different electricity generation technologies, diversified by type of energy source and average plant life. It provides an economic estimate of the average cost of financing and maintaining a power plant over its useful life, in relation to the total amount of energy generated over the same time period. The Levelized Cost of Energy is therefore a benchmark value for setting the per-unit price at which the generated energy must be sold, in order to achieve an adequate economic return on the costs of financing and maintaining the plant throughout its life cycle.

LME

Word
LME
Definition
London Metal Exchange - the world’s largest metal exchange, based in London. The average maturity of the futures traded on a daily basis is 3 months, although longer-term contracts and spot contracts are also established. It is currently seen as the global benchmark in the metals market.

LNG

Word
LNG
Definition
Liquefied Natural Gas - LNG is obtained by cooling and then condensing natural gas (NG), after first purifying and dehydrating it. It should not be confused with GTL, the acronym for Gas to Liquid, which refers to processes for obtaining liquid hydrocarbons from NG. The resulting product is an odorless, transparent liquid consisting mainly of methane, mixed with smaller quantities of ethane, propane, butane and nitrogen, with a boiling point of approximately -160°C at atmospheric pressure.

MAR

Word
MAR
Definition
Market Abuse Regulation - EU Regulation no. 596/2014 on market abuse.

MBO

Word
MBO
Definition
Management By Objectives - a method for evaluating personnel on the basis of the results they achieve in relation to the targets set.

MFF

Word
MFF
Definition
Multiannual Financial Framework - a seven-year reference framework governing the EU’s annual budget. It is established by a unanimously adopted European Council Regulation with the approval of the European Parliament. The financial framework establishes the maximum amount of expenditure from the EU budget each year for broad investment areas (known as "headings") and sets an overall annual ceiling for allocations and payments. The MFF for the period 2021-2027 has a budget of 1,074.3 billion euros to address the EU’s long-term priorities. It complements the Next Generation EU recovery package (NGEU), worth 750 billion euros in grants and loans for the period 2021-2024, to address the socio-economic challenge posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 30% of overall MFF and NGEU expenditure is earmarked for climate-related initiatives.

Management and Corporate Governance

Word
Management and Corporate Governance
Definition
Rules constitute an essential instrument to ensure an efficient and successful management and a reliable control tool of the activities carried out by the company, aiming at the creation of value for shareholders.

Mark-to-Market

Word
Mark-to-Market
Definition
A method used for measuring items in forward contracts at current market prices.

MiFID II

Word
MiFID II
Definition
Markets in Financial Instruments Directive - EU Directive no. 2014/65 on financial instruments markets.

NBP

Word
NBP
Definition
National Balancing Point - a virtual market for trading natural gas in the UK.

NCC

Word
NCC
Definition
Net Connect Gas - a virtual market for trading natural gas in Germany.

NES

Word
NES
Definition
National Energy Strategy - Italian legislation establishes various planning/guidance tools relating to energy, which are also aligned with European directives and regulations. Art. 7 of decree-law 112/2008, converted by law 133/2008 (Chamber Act 1386), assigned the Government the task of establishing a “National Energy Strategy” (NES) as a general framework to help guide and plan national energy policy, to be issued following a National Energy and Environment Conference. The aim was to set out short- and long-term priorities aimed at using market mechanisms and other levers to achieve the goals of diversifying energy sources and procurement areas, upgrading infrastructure, promoting renewable sources and energy efficiency, building nuclear power plants in Italy and enhancing research in the field of energy and environmentally sustainable energy generation and use. The strategy was last updated in 2017 with a view to attracting additional total investments of 175 billion euros by 2030, including 30 billion for gas and electricity grids and infrastructure; 35 billion for renewable sources.

NYMEX

Word
NYMEX
Definition
New York Mercantile Exchange - the world’s leading market for futures and options on energy products, such as oil and natural gas; precious metals, such as silver, gold, palladium and platinum; and industrial metals, such as aluminum and copper.

Net-Zero

Word
Net-Zero
Definition
Net-Zero involves reducing greenhouse gas emissions in line with the latest climate science and the 1.5°C trajectory, with the remaining emissions offset by carbon removal credits. .

OECD

Word
OECD
Definition
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development - an international organization whose purpose is to conduct economic studies for its member states, all of which are developed countries with market economies. The organization acts primarily as a consultative assembly that provides the opportunity to exchange political experiences, with a view to solving shared problems, identifying commercial practices and coordinating the local and international policies of its member states. It is based in Paris.

Offsetting emissions

Word
Offsetting emissions
Definition
The process of removing GHG emissions by means of compensatory instruments (CCS, forestation) or by purchasing “certificates” (emission allowances) on the ETS or voluntary markets.

Opex

Word
Opex
Definition
OPerating EXpense - the cost of managing a product, business, or system, also known as operating costs.

Ordinary gross operating margin

Word
Ordinary gross operating margin
Definition
This is the “gross operating margin” minus all items relating to extraordinary transactions such as company acquisitions or disposals (e.g. capital gains and losses).

Ordinary operating income

Word
Ordinary operating income
Definition
This is “Operating income” minus the effects of extraordinary transactions, such as company acquisitions or disposals (e.g. capital gains and losses), as well as any significant impairment losses recognized on assets as a result of impairment tests or classification as “Assets held for sale”.

PEC

Word
PEC
Definition
Primary Energy Consumption - gross domestic energy consumption, excluding all non-energy uses of energy carriers (e.g. natural gas used to produce chemicals, rather than for combustion). This parameter is an important instrument for measuring actual energy consumption and comparing it with Europe 2020 targets. The “percentage saved” is calculated using these 2005 values and its forecast for the 2020 targets set out in Directive 2012/27/EU; the Europe 2020 target is achieved when this value reaches 20%.

PEN

Word
PEN
Definition
Peruvian sol.

PHEV

Word
PHEV
Definition
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle – a type of vehicle whose batteries can be charged by connecting them to an external power source, even without the aid of the vehicle’s internal combustion engine. These vehicles share the characteristics of conventional Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs). PHEVs differ from HEVs because they have a battery charger, which charges the battery with the aid of the Battery Management System (BMS).

PPA

Word
PPA
Definition
Power Purchase Agreement - a long-term electricity supply agreement between two parties, usually an electricity producer (seller) and an electricity consumer or distributor (buyer). PPAs set down full details of the terms and conditions for the sale and purchase of electricity, including the volume of electricity to be supplied, the prices agreed, the balance between production and consumption and the penalties applicable in the event of non-fulfillment of the contract. As PPAs are bilateral agreements, they can take various forms and be tailored to the needs of the parties. Electricity supplies can either be physical or take place through balancing groups.

PV

Word
PV
Definition
PhotoVoltaic – the term used to describe the conversion of light into electricity, using semiconductor materials. The photovoltaic effect is put to commercial use for the generation of electricity by means of photovoltaic plants. The term can also refer to a photovoltaic plant or the solar modules (panels) of which it consists.

PaR

Word
PaR
Definition
Profit at Risk - a risk metric that measures the maximum potential loss of profit that could be caused by a change in the price or volume of raw materials over a given period and for a pre-determined level of probability.

RAB

Word
RAB
Definition
Regulatory Asset Base - a primary benchmark value for determining the annual revenues, i.e. attributable to the income statement, of multiple companies operating in regulated sectors. The RAB is therefore the value of the net capital employed, calculated on the basis of the rules laid down for service providers subject to the regulation of ARERA (Autorità di Regolazione per Energia Reti e Ambiente) for the purpose of determining the revenues concerned.

RAF

Word
RAF
Definition
Risk Appetite Framework - an integrated, formalized set of elements designed to provide a structured, consistent approach to managing, measuring and controlling key risks.

RAS

Word
RAS
Definition
Risk Appetite Statement - within the Risk Appetite Framework (RAF), the Risk Appetite Statement, which is updated periodically and reviewed at least once a year, presents key tools for managing and controlling risk, mainly by setting out the risk strategy and identifying key performance indicators (KPIs), key risk indicators (KRIs) and trends in them at the single risk level.

RCP

Word
RCP
Definition
Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) – a greenhouse gas concentration (not emissions) trajectory adopted by the IPCC. Four pathways were used for climate modeling and research for the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) in 2014. The pathways describe different climate futures, all of which are considered possible depending on the volume of greenhouse gases (GHG) emitted in the years to come. The RCPs – originally RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5 – are labeled after a possible range of radiative forcing values in the year 2100 (2.6, 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5 W/m2 respectively). Radiative forcing describes the increase in energy content in the system with resulting rise in temperature. With the sixth update of the report (AR6), published between 2021 and 2023, the IPCC produced an updated set of five future climate projection scenarios, obtained by associating the RCPS to the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSP). These scenarios model climate response from 2015 to 2100 on the basis of a series of future emission scenarios that depend also on socio-economic hypotheses and climate mitigation levels. These five scenarios replace the previous Representative Concentration Pathways used in AR5 and are the following: • SSP1-1.9 and SSP2-2.6: scenarios associated with very low and low greenhouse gas emissions, respectively, in which CO2 emissions decrease to net zero around or after 2050. Mean global surface temperature is likely to be higher by 1.0°C-1.8°C in SSP1-1.9 and by 1.3°C-2.4°C in SSP2-2.6 by 2100 with respect to pre-industrial levels (1850-1900). • SSP2-4.5: scenario with a slower reduction of GHG emissions, in which carbon emissions remain more or less the same as today until about 2050. In this scenario, the increase in global surface temperature is in the range of 2.1°C to 3.5°C. • SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5: scenarios associated with high and very high GHG emissions, respectively. In SSP3-7.0, CO2 emissions approximately double by 2100 with respect to current levels and global surface temperature is likely to increase by 2.8°C-4.6°C by the end of the century with respect to the pre-industrial period. In SSP5-8.5, instead, carbon emissions approximately double by 2050 and the increase in temperature is in the range of 3.3°C to 5.7°C.

REMIT

Word
REMIT
Definition
Regulation on Wholesale Energy Market Integrity and Transparency - EU Regulation no. 1227/2011 concerning the integrity and transparency of the wholesale energy market.

RES

Word
RES
Definition
Renewable Energy Sources.

ROIC

Word
ROIC
Definition
Return On Invested Capital - an indicator of how effectively, or otherwise, a company is using its money. The following formula is one of the ways of calculating ROIC: (Net Income – Dividends) / Total Capital. Comparing a company’s return on invested capital with its weighted average cost of capital (WACC), shows whether the capital employed is being used effectively. This metric is also known simply as "return on capital".

RPA

Word
RPA
Definition
Robotic Process Automation – a “Robot Software” that, when suitably trained, is capable of interacting autonomously with applications in the same way as a human.

RUB

Word
RUB
Definition
Russian ruble.

SAIDI

Word
SAIDI
Definition
System Average Interruption Duration Index - an indicator commonly used by electricity companies as a metric of reliability. The SAIDI represents the average duration of interruptions for each customer served.

SAIFI

Word
SAIFI
Definition
System Average Interruption Frequency Index - an indicator commonly used by electricity companies as a metric of reliability. The SAIFI is the average number of interruptions that a customer experiences.

SAM

Word
SAM
Definition
Social Accounting Matrix - an economic analysis tool derived from the better-known Leontief Input-Output Matrix ("I-O Matrix"). The SAM can be used as a starting point for building models of general economic equilibrium, which, unlike others, include the distribution of income within the economic process, while at the same time making it possible to view this distribution as the cause and effect of income-forming processes.

SASB

Word
SASB
Definition
SASB standards enable organizations to provide industry-based sustainability information about risks and opportunities that can affect business value.

SBTi

Word
SBTi
Definition
Science Based Targets Initiative - a joint initiative between the CDP, the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC), the World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) aimed at increasing companies' ambitions for climate action by enlisting companies to set GHG emission reduction targets consistent with the level of decarbonization required by science to limit warming to less than 1.5ºC / 2°C compared to pre-industrial temperatures. Launched in 2015, the initiative defines and promotes best practices in setting science-based targets, provides resources and guidance to reduce barriers to adoption, and independently assesses and approves business targets. SBT is developing industry-specific methods and is currently working on developing a reference framework and a guide for the financial sector, with a focus on scope 3 emissions.

SDG-linked bonds

Word
SDG-linked bonds
Definition
Bonds launched by Enel on October 10 2019 for the European market, linked with achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). More specifically, the SDG-Linked Bond, which is the first of its kind in the world, is tied to pursuing two of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the UN in 2015: affordable and clean energy and combating climate change. A distinctive feature of the SDG-Linked bond launched by Enel is that the interest rate will remain unchanged until maturity, but could be stepped up year by year if Enel is unable to meet its sustainable economic goals by 2021. The interest rate will increase by 25 bps starting from the first interest period subsequent to the publication of the assurance report of the auditor. The “sustainable” bond reflects Enel’s commitment to contributing to the achievement of SDG 7.2, i.e. “Increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix by 2030”. Following the launch of this bond by Enel, the ICMA included this type of instrument in its definitions under the name Sustainability-Linked Bond, which includes SDG-Linked Bonds.

SDGs

Word
SDGs
Definition
Sustainable Development Goals - a series of 17 interconnected goals, set by the United Nations as a strategy designed "to achieve a better and more sustainable future for everyone". They are set out in the document entitled “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” (known as Agenda 2030), launched in 2015, which acknowledges the inextricable link between human well-being, the health of natural systems and the existence of common challenges for all countries. The sustainable development goals are intended to address a wide range of issues relating to economic and social development, including poverty, hunger, the right to health and education, access to water and energy, employment, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, climate change and environmental protection, urbanization, models of production and consumption, social and gender equality, justice and peace.

SHFE

Word
SHFE
Definition
Shanghai Futures Exchange - currently the largest metal futures exchange in China and the third largest of its kind in the world, the SHFE specializes in metals, energy, and chemicals. Based in the city of Shanghai, its geographical location bridges the time gap between the London Metal Exchange and the New York Mercantile Exchange, thus giving operators throughout the world round-the-clock access to non-ferrous metal futures contracts.

SMEs

Word
SMEs
Definition
Small and Medium Enterprise - companies whose size falls within certain employment and financial limits.

SNP

Word
SNP
Definition
Single National price – the benchmark price of electricity in Italy purchased on the stock exchange and published by the Gestore dei Mercati Energetici.

SRI

Word
SRI
Definition
Sustainable and Responsible Investment - the aim of SRI is to generate value for the investor and society as a whole by means of a medium/long-term investment strategy that combines financial analysis with environmental, social and good governance analysis in the evaluation of companies and institutions.

SSP

Word
SSP
Definition
Shared Socio-economic Pathways are scenarios of global socio-economic changes forecast up to 2100. They are used to determine greenhouse gas emission scenarios under different climate policies. SSPs provide descriptions of alternative socio-economic developments and qualitatively represent the logic that interconnects the factors involved in the various scenarios. In quantitative terms, they provide data to accompany the scenarios, in relation to national population, urbanization and GDP (per capita).

Scope 1 emissions

Word
Scope 1 emissions
Definition
Direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions deriving directly from the activities of an organization or activities under its control. These include on-site fuel combustion, such as in gas boilers; fleet vehicles and air conditioning leaks. For Enel, they mainly represent the sum of emissions from burning fossil fuels for generating electricity from conventional sources, and emissions from the “operational” activity of Enel and its employees (e.g. emissions from the company vehicle fleet).

Scope 2 emissions

Word
Scope 2 emissions
Definition
Indirect emissions deriving from the purchase and use of electricity by the organization for its business. For the reporting purposes of electricity distribution companies, this category also includes emissions from energy dissipation due to technical losses along their distribution network.

Scope 3 emissions

Word
Scope 3 emissions
Definition
All other indirect emissions arising from significant activities upstream and downstream of the organization, emitted from sources that are neither owned by nor under the direct control of the organization. This category includes emissions associated with an organization’s supply chain (such as extraction and transport of fossil fuels), as well as emissions associated with business travel or employees commuting between home and work. For Enel, the significant share originates from emissions caused by final customers using the electricity and gas it sells.

Sustainability bonds

Word
Sustainability bonds
Definition
Bonds from which the proceeds are to be used exclusively to finance or refinance a combination of green and social projects.

Sustainability indicators

Word
Sustainability indicators
Definition
A tool to measure company performance and report on the achievement of the goals defined within the corporate sustainability plan.

Sustainability-linked bonds

Word
Sustainability-linked bonds
Definition
Bonds whose financial and/or structural characteristics are indexed to the achievement of predefined sustainability targets.

Sustainability-linked loans

Word
Sustainability-linked loans
Definition
All types of lending instruments that give the borrower an incentive to meet ambitious, predetermined sustainability targets.

Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (PAI) Content Index

Word
Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (PAI) Content Index
Definition
Table linking the issues and information required by the European Regulation that governs disclosures in the field of sustainable finance (SFDR, Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation) with content provided in the Sustainability Report, indicating the specific chapter of reference in the document.

Sustainable finance

Word
Sustainable finance
Definition
Sustainable finance raises public and private capital, by channelling it into sustainable investments to accelerate the achievement of the related development goals.

Swap

Word
Swap
Definition
An agreement between two parties for the exchange of future payment flows. The transaction is strictly financial; there is no physical exchange of material. The agreement defines how payments will be charged and when they will be made.

TCFD

Word
TCFD
Definition
Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosure - the TCFD was established in December 2015 by the Financial Stability Board (FSB) – the international body responsible for monitoring and promoting financial market stability. It consists of 32 members from financial institutions, insurance companies, major corporations, consulting companies and ratings agencies from all over the world. The recommendations are designed to provide financial actors with a comprehensive and effective framework of information with which to make appropriate investment decisions and, more generally, to measure the exposure of financial markets to climate-change risks.

TCO

Word
TCO
Definition
Total Cost of Ownership – the total cost of owning an asset. TCO not only consists of the fixed costs (purchase, interest, rental, residual value, etc.), but also all the variable costs (maintenance, user training, etc.) involved in using the asset concerned.

TSI

Word
TSI
Definition
Total Societal Impact - a business strategy development method that measures the Enel Group’s commitment to promoting the value of the economic, social and environmental system, as an inclusive actor in the economy, capable of meeting the fundamental needs of all stakeholders.

TSO

Word
TSO
Definition
Transmission System Operator - an entity responsible for the transmission of energy in the form of natural gas or electricity, using appropriate infrastructure, at national or regional level. This is the definition used in Europe, but a similar definition applies in the United States, where the terms "Independent System Operator" (ISO) and "Regional Transmission Organization" (RTO) are used.

TSR

Word
TSR
Definition
Total Shareholder Return - an indicator of the return yielded by a security over the period for which it is held. The return includes the appreciation of the capital of the security and the dividend earned on the security. The TSR for one year is calculated by adding the change in share price to the dividend received, dividing the sum of the two by the share purchase price and expressing the result as a percentage.

TTC

Word
TTC
Definition
Total Tax Contribution - a model for measuring a company’s total tax contribution to the public finances, on the basis of the payments made over the course of the year. The model classifies the different taxes into categories and draws a distinction between taxes that constitute an expense for the company (taxes borne) and those that the company pays due to rebate mechanisms, substitution etc. (taxes collected). Enel has been publishing this data since 2018 in the form of a Total Tax Contribution Report for Italy and the other main countries in which it operates. The purpose of the report is to expand the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility, while at the same time highlighting the value of the social function associated with the tax contribution.

TTF

Word
TTF
Definition
Title Transfer Facility - the virtual market for trading natural gas in the Netherlands; it is one of the largest markets of its kind in continental Europe. It is also the benchmark for gas pricing in northern Europe.

Tax Shield

Word
Tax Shield
Definition
A tax saving arising from the existence of a tax-deductible cost, calculated on the basis of the specified rate of deductibility applicable in the taxpayer’s country of residence.

UNGC

Word
UNGC
Definition
United Nations Global Compact - a United Nations initiative established in 1999 to encourage companies around the world to adopt policies that embrace sustainability and corporate social responsibility and to publish the results of their actions. It is a framework incorporating ten principles in the areas of human rights, employment, environmental sustainability and measures to combat corruption. Under the Global Compact, companies work with United Nations agencies, trade union groups and civil society.

USD

Word
USD
Definition
United States dollar.

VBP

Word
VBP
Definition
Virtual Balance Point - a virtual market for trading natural gas in Spain.

VC

Word
VC
Definition
Venture Capital - VC is capital provided by an investor to finance the start-up or growth of a business in a sectors with high development potential.

VEP

Word
VEP
Definition
Virtual Exchange Point – a virtual market for the wholesale trading of natural gas in Italy; as a price index, it is the main meeting point between supply and demand in Italy’s gas market.

VaR

Word
VaR
Definition
Value at Risk. VaR is a statistical metric, often expressed in percentage terms, that measures the level of risk of a financial investment. In more practical terms, the VaR indicates the maximum risk to which capital is exposed when invested in a particular financial asset or combination of financial assets. In the latter case, the VaR refers to the entire investment portfolio.

WACC

Word
WACC
Definition
Weighted Average Cost of Capital - WACC is a widely used tool for evaluating strategies for buying or selling assets or deciding whether or not to launch a possible industrial project. It enables a company or investor to determine the cost of capital by analyzing all its component parts, thus making it possible to determine whether the expected return on an investment is acceptable or not.

WEO

Word
WEO
Definition
World Energy Outlook - an analysis published annually by the International Energy Agency (IEA) that provides a snapshot of global energy generation and consumption patterns, charts them and formulates projections for future years.

WTI

Word
WTI
Definition
West Texas Intermediate - also known as Texas Light Sweet, WTI is a type of oil produced in Texas and used as an oil price benchmark on the NYMEX futures market.

World Economic Forum

Word
World Economic Forum
Definition
A non-profit foundation that organizes an annual meeting of leading international political and economic figures with selected intellectuals and journalists, in the city of Davos, Switzerland, to discuss the most urgent issues facing the world, including health and the natural environment. As well as this annual meeting, the World Economic Forum holds other meetings each year, produces a series of research reports and engages its members in specific sectoral initiatives.

YTD

Word
YTD
Definition
Year to date - the period of time starting on the first day of the current calendar or fiscal year up to the current date. YTD information is useful for analyzing business trends over time or comparing performance data.

YoY

Word
YoY
Definition
Year on Year or Year over Year – denotes a method for comparing two or more data results for a given period that are comparable on an annual basis.

Zero Emission

Word
Zero Emission
Definition
Describes motors, processes or energy sources that do not emit waste products that pollute the environment or alter the climate.
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